পাকিস্তান সৃষ্টিতে মুসলিম লীগের ভূমিকা মূল্যায়ন

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

wk‡ivbvgt cvwK¯Ívb m„wó‡Z gymwjg jx‡Mi f~wgKv g~j¨vqb|

1.1 m~Pbvt

By my international standard the muslims are a nation. So, they are in need of a separate homeland, a territory and a state.

                                                                   -Jinnah

wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g `k‡K weªwUk fvi‡Zi gymjgvb†`i GKgvÎ iv‰bwZK msMVb ÒmefviZxq gymjxg jx‡Mi cÖwZôvi GKwU Ab¨vb¨ NUbv| weªwUk kvm‡bi ïiæ n‡ZB fvi‡Zi gywmwjg m¤úª`vq me©w`‡K n‡Z ewÂZ I Ae‡nwjZ n‡q Avm‡Z _v‡K| 1885 mv‡j Ks‡MÖm (All-India Nation congress)  MwVZ n‡jI, GwU Ae‡nwjZI ewÂZ gymjgvb‡`i `vwe `vIqv Av`vq Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|

Ab¨w`‡K ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î myPZi weªwUk kvmK †Mvôxi wegvZvm~jf g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡b gymjgvb‡`i †h †kvPbxq Ae¯’v nq, Zv wbikb Kiv Ks‡MÖ‡mi c‡ÿ mgfe wQjbv| KviY Ks‡MÖ‡mi c‡ÿ ZrKvjxb Ae¯’vq GK gvÎ gymjgvb‡`i `vwe-`vIqv wb‡q AMÖmi nIqv evÂbxq wQjbv| A_P, gymjgvb‡`i nxb Ae¯’v n‡Z D×vi K‡í GKwU GKK msMV‡bi cÖ‡qvRb wQj, hv Zviv Zxeªfv‡e mv_©K ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ gymwjg ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi aviK I evnK me© fviZxq gymjxg jx‡Mi Rb¥ nq| GB gymwjg jxMB ci eZx‡Z cvwK¯Ívb m„wó‡Z Kvh©Kwi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

1.2 gymwjg jxM m„wói cUf~wg:

KwjKvZvq me©fviZxq m‡¤§j‡b †b‡niæ wi‡cv‡U©i Dci wRbœvn †h ms‡kvabx Av‡bb Zv wedj n‡j wRbœvZ †`‡Lb †h, GLb Zvi gymwjg jx‡Mi mv‡_ GKvZ¥ nIqv Qvov Dcvq †bB| G‡Zvw`b wZwb Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨ †h Av‡cv‡li †Póv K‡ib Zv e¨_© n‡q‡Q| ZvB wZwb DMÖcwš’‡`i mv‡_ †RvU n‡q wKQz `vwe Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| ‡m¸‡jv wbgœiæc:

1.      wRbœvni 14 `dv `vwe|

2.     †Mvj‡Uwe‡j ˆeV‡K jx‡Mi mv¤úªvw`qK `vwe|

3.     1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb I 1937 mv‡ji wbe©vPb|

4.     wn›`y eY©wfwËK ms¯’vi cÖfve|

5.     cvwK¯Ívb `vwe|

1935 wLª÷v‡ãi fviZ miKvi AvBb Abymv‡i cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb cÖeZ©xZ nIqvi ci n‡Z gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb †h, fvi‡Z gymjgvb m¤ú`ªvq msL¨vjyN~ bq, Zviv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ RvwZ| wRbœvn fvi‡Z `yB RvwZZ‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡ib| 1937 wLªóv‡ã KivwP‡Z AbywóZ cÖv‡`wkK gymwjg jx‡Mi me©cÖ_g GK cÖ¯Ív‡e ejv nq †h, gymjgv‡bi GK ¯^Zš¿ RvwZ Ges Bw½Z †`Iqv nq †h, gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GK ¯^Zš¿ evmf~wgi cÖ‡qvM G cÖ¯Íve‡K jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡e c~e©mywi ejv nq| wZwb cÖPvi K‡ib †h, wn›`y I gymjgvb `yBwU m¤ú~Y© c„_K RvwZ, Zv‡`i fvlv, K…wó I ¯§iY ivLv `iKvi †h, wn›`ygnvmfvi wbišÍb gymwjg we‡iwaZv, Ks‡MÖ‡mi gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ D`vwmbZv cÖfzZ Kvi‡Y gymjgvb‡`i g‡b G aviYv m„wó nq †h, `yB ag©vejxiv GKB RvwZ A½ wn‡m‡e GKÎ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB 1940 mv‡ji 23 gvP© gymwjg jw‡Mi jv‡nvi Awa‡ek‡b wRbœvn ÔcvwK¯ÍvbÕ bv‡g GKwU c„_K I ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi `vwe Rvbvq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ 1940 mv‡j jv‡nvi AbywôZ gymwjg jx‡Mi Awa‡ek‡b †h cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv jx‡Mi Kvh©weeibx‡Z jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve bv‡g D‡jøL¨ wQj Ges G cÖ¯Ív‡ei †Kv_vI ÔcvwK¯ÍvbÕ bvgwU D‡jøL¨ wQjbv| Aek¨ cieZ©x‡Z G cÖ¯Íve ÒcvwK¯ÍvbÕ cÖ¯Íve bv‡g L¨vZ nq| G jv‡nvi cÖ¯ÍveB wQj cvwK¯Ívb m„wói gyj wfwË|

1.3 mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbvt

‡h †Kvb M‡elbv ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡j mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK `vwe Av`v‡qi j‡¶¨ wn›`y‡`i cvkvcvwk Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z gymwjg jxM ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ Avevmf~wg Z_v cvwK¯Ívb m„wó‡Z G ch©šÍ eû MÖš’ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov †ek K‡qKwU Rvb©vj G m¤úwK©Z †jLv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| GK wel‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ eB¸‡jv n‡jv-

1| cÖ‡dmi Bqvmwgb Avn‡g`

ivLx eg©b                                              t weªwUk fvi‡Z ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb|

2| iwdKzj Bmjvg                                   t weªwUk fvi‡Z ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb|

3| mvgQywÏb, mvjvg, bvwmi, bRiæj             t weªwUk fvi‡Z ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb|

1.4 M‡elbvi D‡Ïk¨t

†Kvb welq Av‡jvPbvi Kivi c~‡e© Rvb‡Z n‡e †h, †m welqwU wK D‡Ïk¨ Ges †Kvb j‡ÿ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| ZvB †Kvb wel‡qi jÿ¨ D‡Ïk¨ wbY©q Kiv Avek¨K| gymwjg jxM m„wói d‡j †h fvi‡Z †h cÖfve cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq ‡mUvB nj GB wel‡q jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨| fvi‡Z weªwUk kvmb‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvq | d‡j gymjgvbiv mKj my‡hvM myweav †h‡K ewÂZ nq| 1885 mv‡j me©fvi wZq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖwZwôZ n‡jI GwU fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i `vwe `vIqv Av`vq Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| Avi Ks‡MÖm cÖwZwôZ n‡jI wn›`y‡`i my‡hvM myweav †e‡o hvq| Ks‡MÖm cÖwZôvi ci  DMÖcwš’ †bZv‡`i AvPi‡bi d‡j gymjgvbiv AwZó nq Ges GK ch©vq wb‡R‡`i `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ GKwU c„_K msMV‡bi K_v fv‡eb| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z 1906 mv‡ji 30 †k wW‡¯§ei XvKvq gymwjg m†¤§j‡bi Awa‡ekb e‡m| m‡¤§jb ‡k‡l XvKvi beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni cÖmvwiZ ivR‰bwK msMVb wnmv‡e 1906 mv‡ji 31 wW‡m¤^i G fviZxq gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq|

G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Avwg wbgœ wjwLZ jÿ I D‡Ïk¨ mg~n‡K `vwe Ki‡Z cvwi|

1| weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ fvi‡Zi gymjgvb‡`i AvbyMZ eyw× Kiv Ges weªwUk miKvi KZ…©K M„nxZ †Kvb e¨emv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i †Kvb f~j aviYv m„wó n‡j Zv `~i Kiv|

2| fvi‡Zi gymjgv‡bi ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi I ¯^v_¨ iÿv Kiv Ges Zvi AMÖMwZ mvab Kiv Ges Zv‡`i Afve Awf‡hvM I AvKv•Lvi K_v kª×vi mv‡_ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kiv|

3| gymwjg jx‡Mi DcwiD³ D‡Ïk¨ `ywU Ae¨vnZ ivLvi cvkvcvwk fviZxq Ab¨vb¨ m¤úª`v‡qi cÖwZ gymjgvb RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †h we‡Ølfv‡e m„wó bv nq, Zvi e¨e¯’v Kiv &Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ mgfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv|

  

wØZxq Aa¨vq

2.1 gymwjg jx‡Mi cwiKícbv m¤^wjZ cÎt

mwjg~jøvn wj‡Lb-

1| AvR Avgv‡`i m`vkq mgªv‡Ui Rb¥w`b| G ïfw`‡b Avwg Avgvi gymjgvb åvZv‡`i wbKU Avgvi cwiKwícZ me©fviZxq gymwjg ms‡Ni wel‡q vwfgZ e¨³ KiwQ|

2| wmgjvq gnvgvb¨ eo jv‡Ui wbKU †cÖwiZ me©fviZxq gymwjg cÖwZwbwa `‡j †hvM w`‡Z Amg_© nIqvq Avwg Avgvi eÜz cÖwZwbwa‡`i‡K wjwLZfv‡e Avgvi cwiKíbvi welq Rvwb‡qwQjvg| Avwg wj‡LwQjvg †h, mgMÖ fvi‡Zi gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Avkv-AvKv•Lv iƒcvwqZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †Kw›`ªq gymwjg cÖwZôvb MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|

3| Avwg Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ †h, Avgvi cwiKíbvi welq wb‡q cÖwZwbwaMY wmgjvq N‡ivqv ˆeV‡K Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges G wel‡q †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖnY bv K‡i Zviv cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb †h, wW‡m¤^i gv‡mi †kl mßv‡n XvKvq me©fviZxq gymwjg wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b G wel‡q wm×všÍ M„wnZ n‡e| Zuviv Av‡ivI cÖ¯Íve K‡ib †h, BwZg‡a¨ gZvgZ I civgk©i Rb¨ G cwiKíbv mKj gymjgvb‡`i wewfbœ mwgwZ I wewkó e¨w³‡`i wbKU cvVv‡Z n‡e|

4| wmgjvq Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z Avwg Avgvi cwiKíbvi c~Y© Lmov Avgcv‡`i †`‡ki wewfbœ ms¯’v, m¤cÖ`v‡qi Mb¨gvb¨ e¨w³ I msev` cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU †cÖiY Kwi Ges cwiKwíZ ivR‰bZK cÖwZôvb MV‡bi hyw³hy³Zv m¤^‡Ü mK‡ji b¨vq m½Z Av‡jvPbvi Avnevb Kwi| Avwg Aby‡iva Kwi †hb wewfbœ ms¯’v I cÖ‡`‡ki cÖwyZwbwaMY cwiKíbvi wel‡q gZvgZ e¨³ Kivi c~Y© ¶gZv wb‡q XvKvi m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| Zv n‡j Av‡jvPbvq gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi AwfcÖvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z cv‡i|   

2.2 gymwjg jxM MV‡bi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨t

1906 mv‡ji 31 wW‡m¤^i gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖwZôvj‡Mœ Gi wZbwU j¶¨ w¯’I Kvi nq| h_v-

1| weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ fvi‡Zi gymjgvb‡`i AvbyMZ¨ e„w× Kiv Ges weªwUk miKvi KZ©„K M„wnZ †Kvb e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`I †Kvb fyj aviYvi m„wó n‡j Zv `~I Kiv|

2| fvi‡Zi gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi I ¯^v_© i¶v Ges Zvi AMÖMwZ mvab Ges Zv‡`i Afve Awf‡hvM I AvKv•Lvi K_v kª×vi mv‡_ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kiv|

3| gymwjg jx‡Mi DcwiD³ D‡Ïk¨ `ywU ve¨nZ ivLvi cvkvcvwk fviZxq Ab¨vb¨ m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖwZ gymjgvb RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †hb we‡Ølfvi ms¯‹vi bv nq, Zvi e¨e¯’v Kiv Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ mØvf M‡o †Zvjv|   

2.3 gymwjg jx‡Mi Awa‡ekbt

me©fviZxq gymwjg jx‡Mi m`i `ßi j‡¶èŠ‡Z ¯’vcwZ nq| 1907 mv‡ji 29 I 30 wW‡m¤^i KivwP‡Z gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| G Awa‡ek‡bi mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib †ev¤^vB‡qi m¨vi Av`gRxi cxi fvB| G Awa‡ek‡b eOvMf½‡K mg_©b Kiv nq Ges e½f½ we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi wb›`v Rvwb‡q GKwU cÖ¯Íve cvk Kiv nq| G Awa‡ek‡b jx‡Mi MVbZš¿ Aby‡gvw`Z nq| 1908 mv‡j 18 gvP© gymwjg jx‡Mi GKwU we‡kl vwa‡ekb AbywôZ nq Ges G‡Z mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib jv‡nv‡ii kvn`xb| AvMvLvb Ges ˆmq` †nv‡mb wejMÖvgx h_vµ‡g Gi mfvcwZ I m¤úv`K wbhy³ nb| G mgq Zviv wmgjv ‡Wcy‡Uk‡bi `vwemg~n †g‡b †bqvi Rb¨ weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ Av‡e`b Rvbvb| 1908 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤^i Ag„Z¯^‡i gymwjg jx‡Mi wØZxq evwl©K Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| G‡Z mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib ‰mq` Avjx Bgvg| wZwb Zvi Awffvl‡b jx‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ we‡kølb K‡ib| 1910 mv‡ji 29 Rvbyqvix jx‡Mi Z…Zxq evwl©K Awa‡ekb AvK©‡Ui hyeivR m¨vi †Mvjvg gvngy` Avjx Lv‡bi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ w`jøx‡Z AbywôZ nq| 1907 mv‡j ˆmq` †nv‡mb wejMÖvgx fviZ mwP‡ei fviZxq cwil‡`i m`m¨ wbhy³ nIqvq w`jøx Awa‡ek‡b †gŠjfx gynv¤§` AvwRR wgqv jx‡Mi Kg©mwPe wbe©vwPZ nb| jx‡Mi m`i `dZi AvijxMo n‡Z j‡¶èŠ‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| gymwjg jx‡Mi PZz_© evwl©K Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡i| jx‡Mi mfvcwZ AvMvLvb mfvq †hvM †`b| gymwjg jx‡Mi cÂg evwl©Kx Awa‡ekb 1911 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i w`jøx‡Z nevi K_v wQj| G mg‡q mgªv‡Ui w`jøx `iev‡i vbywôZ nIqvq jx‡Mi Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ ivKv nq Ges 1912 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m beve mwjg~jøvni mfvcwZ‡Z¡ KwjKvZvq G Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| Gfv‡e M‡o I‡V gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi fvM¨ wba©vibKvix msMVb gymwjg jxM|

 

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

cÖZ¨qMZ we‡kølYt

3.1 wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi NUbvt

weªwUk miKvi KZ©„K cÖwZkÖæwZ f½, wek¦vmNvZKZv Ges gymwjg RvMi‡bi `xN© w`‡bi cywÄfyZ †¶vf I agx©q Av‡eM Abyf~wZ GKwÎZ n‡q wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cwibwZ jvf K‡i| 1919 mv‡ji 17 A‡±vei ÔwLjvdZ w`emÕ cvwjZ nq| G Av‡›`vjb Dcgnv‡`‡ki ag©cÖvY gymjgvb Qv·`i g‡b Mfxi †PZbvi mÂvi K‡I Ges Zviv ¯‹zj K‡jR eR©b K‡i G Av‡›`vj‡b Svwc‡q c‡o| e¯‘Z QvÎ, wk¶K, PvKzixRxex Z_v mK‡ji ¯^-ù’Z©fv‡e G Av‡›`vjb‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvq AZtci Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM Zv‡`i Av‡›`vjb‡K mdj Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ ci¯ú‡ii mn‡hvMxZv Dcjwä K‡i| Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi †bZ…e„›` Ag„Zm‡i wgwjZ n‡q MvÜxwRi †bZ…‡Z¡ Df‡q Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbvi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| d‡j †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j G Av‡›`vj‡bi ewýwkLv cÖ¾wjZ n‡q I‡V| weªwUk †LZve eR©b, AvBb Av`vjZ eR©b, LvRbv cÖ`vb eÜ Kg©m~Px M„wnZ nq| MvÜxwR, gvIjvbv gynv¤§` Avjx Ges gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx G Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ MÖnY K‡i me©fviZxq Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc`v‡b hy³ ZrciZv Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| Dfq Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZaviv GK‡mªv‡Z wgwjZ n‡q `ye©vi Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq| wKš‘ myô wbqš¿b I cwiPvjbvi Afv‡e A‡bK ¯’v‡b wn›`y gymwjg `v½v msNwUZ nq| ZvQvov †PŠwi‡PŠiv bvgK ¯’v‡b D‡ËwRZ RbZv AwMœ ms‡hvM K‡i 1 Rb `v‡ivMvmn 22 Rb cywjk‡K AwMœ`» K‡i| Gfv‡e Av‡›`vj‡b e¨vcK mwnsmZvi iƒc wb‡j MvÜxwR nVvr K‡iB Am‡nv‡hvM Av‡›`vjb eÜ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| Am‡nv‡hvM Av‡›`vjb eÜ Kiv n‡j wLjvdZ Av‡›`jbI w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o Ges Gfv‡B wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U 1922 mv‡ji g‡a¨B| MvÜxi G wm×všÍ webv‡g‡N eRªcv‡Zi g‡Zv fviZevmx‡K ¯Íw¤¢Z K‡i †`q| gymjgvbiv nZvk n‡q c‡o Ges Zxeª †¶v‡fi cÖKvk K‡i| G Ae¯’vq gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb †_‡K wk¶v MÖnY K‡i †h, ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î Ac‡ii †bZ…Z¡ wek¦vm ¯’vcb bv K‡i wb‡Ri `vwe `vIqvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i kw³ mvg_© Abymv‡i wb‡R‡`i †bZ…Z¡ cwiPvwjZ nIqvB DËg|

 

3.2 gymwjg jxM KZ©„K gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’vt

weªwUk fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ AvBb mfvq Ges cÖkvm‡b gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wQj AcÖZzj| fviZxq gymjgvbMY wk¶v-`x¶v, miKvix PvKzix Ges Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î wn›`y‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK †cQ‡b wQj| A_P ZLb wn›`y RbMY me©w`K w`‡q AwaK my‡hvM myweav jvf Ki‡Zb| Zviv wewfbœ ivóªxq Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †c‡Zb, me©‡¶‡ÎB wn›`yiv Pigfv‡e AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| G Ae¯’vq gymjgvbMY hv‡Z AvBbmfv I cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ †¶‡Î ch©vß cÖwZwbwaZ¡ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| G D‡Ï‡k¨ 1906 mv‡ji 1 A‡±vei eo jvU‡K †`Iqv GK msea©bv mfvq AwfRvZ gymwjg †bZ…e„›` gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vP‡bi `vwe Rvwb‡q ¯^viK wjwc †ck K‡i| jW© wg‡›Uv gymjgvb cÖwZwbwa `‡ji `vwemg~n mnvbyf~wZi mv‡_ we‡ePbv K‡i †m¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Avk¦vm cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb my`„p fvlvq e‡jb †h, ÒGLbKvi g‡Zv Avwg Avcbv‡`i Avk¦vm w`‡Z cvwi †h, G‡`‡ki kvmb Kvh© cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î Avgvi hZw`b wKQy Kivi _vK‡e ZZw`b gymjgvb‡`i vwaKvi I ¯^v_© mg_©b I we‡ePbv jvf Ki‡e| Avcbviv Ges fvi‡Zi mKj gvbyl Avk¦¯Í _vK‡Z cv‡ib †h, weªwUk miKvi AZxZ fvi‡Zi RbmsL¨vi wewfbœ m¤cÖ`v‡qi e¨vcv‡i †h mywe‡ePbv K‡i Avm‡Qb fwel¨‡ZI Zv envj _vK‡e| wKš‘ jW© gwj© cÖ_g w`‡K ch©vß gymwjg cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡jI c„_K wbe©vP‡bi cwie‡Z© hy³ wbe©vP‡bi mycvwik K‡ib, hvi weiæ‡× cÖej Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V| 1906 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤^i ¯^xK…ZcÖvß GKgvÎ gymwjg ivR‡bwZK msMVb Òme©fviZxq gymwjg jx‡MÓ Gi Aax‡b Gi hy³ Kg©mwPe wbhy³ nb beve wfKvi-Dj-g~jK I beve gnwmb-Dj-g~jK| cÖej Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L weªwUk miKvi †kl ch©šÍ gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vP‡bi `vwe †g‡b †bb Ges 1909 mv‡ji gwj© wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi Aax‡b gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|

 

3.3 ‡b‡niæ wi‡cv‡U©i cÖwZ gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZwµqvt

‡b‡niæ wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zv‡Z fvi‡Zi gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© I `vwe D‡cw¶Z nq| ZvB 1928 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m KjKvZvq AbywôZ me©`jxq m‡¤§j‡b †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn I gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` Avjx †b‡niæi wi‡cv‡U©i K‡qKwU ms‡kvabx `vwe K‡ib| †b‡niæi wi‡cv‡U©i mv‡_ gymjgvb‡`i `vwe mgš^‡qi Rb¨ gymwjg jxM †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvni †bZ…‡Z¡ 23 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡i| PviwU †¶‡Î gymwjg jxM †b‡niæi wi‡cv‡U©i ms‡kvabx Avb‡Z †P‡qwQj| wKš‘ gymwjg jx‡Mi PviwU ms‡kvabx‡Z †b‡niæ KwgwU cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i GB ARynv‡Z †h GwU RvZxq HK¨ I †PZbvi cwicwš’| hvB‡nvK 1928 mv‡ji 28 wW‡m¤^i Ks‡MÖm KZ©„K gymjgvb‡`i `vwemg~n cÖZ¨vLvZ nq| gymjgvb‡`i `vwemg~n ‡b‡niæ wi‡cvU© cÖZ¨vLvb Ki‡j gymwjg jxM ‡b‡niæ wi‡cvU© eR©b K‡i| †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn m‡¤§jb Z¨vM K‡i e‡jb, ÒGB n‡jv c` wew”QbœZvÓ (This is the parting of the ways)| gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` Avjx wew¯§Z n‡q e‡jb, Ò wgt MvÜxi mv‡_ Avgiv GKvZ¥Zv †Nvlbv Ki‡Z cvwi bv| KviY Zvi Av‡›`vjb fvi‡Zi cwic~Y© ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡›`vjb bq, GwU 7 †KvwU gymjgvb‡K wn›`y gnvmfvi Aaxb KiviB Av‡›`vjb|Ó g~jZ ‡b‡niæ wi‡cvU© wn›`y- gymjgvb H‡K¨i cwie‡Z© we‡f` m„wó K‡i| ZvB gymwjg jxM ¯^Zš¿fv‡e wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡q GKZve× nq|

mv¤cÖ`vwqK mgm¨v wb‡q ‡b‡niæ wi‡cvU© G wek`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G mgm¨vi mgvavb Kivi e¨vcv‡i Zviv †h mycvwik K‡ib Zv wQj wbZvšÍB nZvkve¨ÄK| cÖ¯ÍvweZ msweav‡bi Lmovq †Kvb AwfbeZ¡ wQjbv| wQjbv †Kvb †gŠwjKZ¡| G mZ¨ wi‡cv‡U©i cÖ‡YZvMY‡KI ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|

  

3.4 1916 mv‡ji j‡¶èŠ Pzw³t

1913 mv‡j gymwjg jxM †bZ…e„›` gymwjg jx‡Mi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi bxwZi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L `‡ji MVbZš¿ cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib| gymwjg jxM Gi bZzb MVbZš¿ `‡ji j¶¨ wnmv‡e †Nvlbv Kiv nq †h, ÒwbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q cÖkvm‡bi µgvMZ ms¯‹vi mvab, RvZxq HK¨ †Rvi`vi Kiv, wewfbœ m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ mn‡hvMxZv e„w× Ges ¯^vqË¡ kvmb AR©b Kiv n‡”Q gymwjg jx‡Mi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨|Ó 1909 mv‡j ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi ci 1916 mv‡ji j‡¶èŠ Pzw³ fviZe‡l© gymjgvb‡`i wewfbœ myweav cÖ`vb K‡i| G Pzw³i d‡j gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq ivR‰bwZKfv‡e m‡PZb n‡q I‡V| d‡j gymwjg jxM gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK ivR‰bwZK `j wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| gymwjg jxM I Ks‡MÖ‡mi g‡a¨ ¯^v¶wiZ G Pzw³ weªwUk fvi‡Zi mvsweavwbK AMÖMwZ‡Z GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv NUvq| GwU wQj wn›`y-gymjgvb‡`i mv¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZ † †mŠnv‡`©i g‡bvfve cÖwZôvi GK Abb¨ c`‡¶c| G Pyw³ d‡j Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM weªwUk KZ©„c‡¶i we‡ivwaZvq †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V| GQvov Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM j‡¶èŠ Pzw³i gva¨‡g HK¨e×fv‡e fvi‡K ¯^vqZ¡kvmb I ØvwqZ¡kxj miKvi cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbvq HK¨g‡Z †cŠQvq| G‡Z wn›`y-gymwjg mg‡SvZv I m¤cÖxwZi c_ myMg nq| mvgwqKfv‡e n‡jI Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ weivRgvb †¶vf I wZ³Zvi Aemvb N‡U| gymjgvb mgvR mvgwMÖKfv‡e ¯^vqZ¡kvmb Gi `vwe‡Z Ks‡MÖ‡mi mv‡_ GK †hv‡M wgwjZ nq| g~jZ  j‡¶èŠ Pzw³ wQj wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i mg‡SvZvg~jK bxwZ| 1916 mv‡ji j‡¶èŠ Pzw³i djvdj fvi‡Zi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y© c`‡¶c| mvBgÛ j‡¶èŠ Pzw³†K fvi‡Zi fwel¨r msweavb m¤ú‡K© `ywU `‡j cÖ_g I GKgvÎ g‰ZK¨iƒ‡c gšÍe¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| G Pzw³i gva¨‡g `vwe DÌvcb Kiv nq †h, A‡c¶vK…Z e„nr cÖ‡`kmg~‡ni AvBb mfvq Kgc‡¶ 125 Rb Ges Ges †gvU cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi AvBb mfvq 50 n‡Z 75 Rb m`m¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| j‡¶èŠ Pzw³i gva¨‡g msL¨vjNy‡`i cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i wel‡q h_vh_ I ch©vß my‡hvM myweav ivLvi `vwe DÌvcb Kiv nq| G Pzw³i d‡j fvi‡Zi ‰eix `yB e„nr ivR‡‰bwZK `j gymwjg jxM I Ks‡MÖm cvi¯úvwiK ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g AvK‡hv‡M Av‡›`vj‡bi `„p A½xKvi cÖKvk K‡i| gymwjg jxM I gymjgvb‡`i c‡¶ GwU wQj AZ¨šÍ m¤§vbRbK I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cvIbv| G Pzw³i gva¨‡g gymjgvb‡`i c„_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v Ks‡MÖm KZ©„K ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| G Pzw³ wn›`y-gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ fviZxq RvZxqZvev`‡K my`„p K‡i| ax‡i ax‡i RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb kw³kvjx I †eMevb n‡q I‡V| G Pzw³ `ywU ˆeix m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ wgjb NUvq, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^v‡_©i wgjb nq- Zviv nq HK¨e×| ¯^qZ¡kvmb I ØvwqZ¡kxj miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖwZôvq hv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb wQj| K~cj¨vÛ e‡jb, ÒG Pzw³ `ywU cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j, weªwUk fvi‡Z G ch©šÍ weKvwkZ fviZxq RvZxqZvev‡`I me©v‡c¶v PgKcÖ` NUbv| fvi‡Zi ¯^qZ¡kvmb Gi c‡_ GKwU weivU evuav n‡”Q wn›`y-gymjgvb‡`i gZ cv_©K¨| G Pzw³i d‡j GKw`‡K gymjgvbiv weªwUk miKv‡ii gy‡LvgywL Avbvqb K‡i Ges Ab¨w`‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k gymjgvb‡`i GKwU ¯^vaxb I c„_K mË¡v wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i|  G Pzw³i d‡j gymwjg jxM Z_v gymjgvb mgvR weªwUk KZ©„c‡¶i we‡ivwaZvq †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V| GQvov G Pzw³i d‡j gymwjg jxM gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK ivR‰bwZK `j wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i Ges wn›`y-gymwjg H‡K¨i eÜb my`„p nq|

3.5 wRbœvni †PŠÏ `dvt

‡gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn cÖYxZ †PŠÏ `dv `vwe weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK I mvsweavwbK AMÖMwZi BwZnv‡m GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv| 1916 mv‡ji j‡¶èŠ Pzw³i gva¨‡g gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK `vwe-`vIqv I Avkv-AvKv•Lvi ev¯Íevq‡b †h kZ©mg~n cÖ`Ë n‡qwQj Zvi cÖwZ Ks‡MÖm †bZ…e„‡›`i Akª×v I weªwUk miKv‡ii bxwZ gymjgvb‡`i we¶zä K‡i †Zv‡j| wRbœvni †PŠÏ `dvi mvnv‡h¨ G `vwe `vIqv Zz‡j aiv n‡qwQj| g~jZ †b‡niæi wi‡cv‡U©i wecix‡Z †PŠÏ `dv cÖYxZ n‡qwQj| hw`I G `dv¸‡jvi gva¨‡g weªwUk fvi‡Zi mv¤cÖ`vwqK mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb wQj| Z_vwc 1932 mv‡ji weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x ivg‡R g¨vK‡Wvbvì Gi mv¤cÖ`vwqK †iv‡q`v‡` GB †PŠÏ `dv ûeû m‡g‡b †bIqv n‡qwQj| ‡gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn †PŠÏ `dv `vwe weªwUk fvi‡Zi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡¶c| †b‡niæ wi‡cv‡U© gymjgvb‡`i `vwe-`vIqv msiw¶Z bv n‡q eis D‡cw¶Z nq| Gi cÖwZev`¯^iƒc wRbœvi †PŠÏ `dv `vwe Dc¯’vcb nq| 1929 mv‡ji gv‡P© gymwjg jx‡Mi mfvq Dc¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ fvi‡Zi fwel¨r kvmbZ‡š¿i g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e wRbœvn Zvi weL¨vZ †PŠÏ `dv cÖ¯Íve weªwUk miKv‡ii wbKU †ck K‡i| me©`jxq m‡¤§j‡b †b‡niæ wi‡cv‡U©i Dci wRbœvn †h ms‡kvabx¸‡jv DÌvcb K‡iwQ‡jb A‡bKvs‡k H¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡KB †PŠvÏ `dv cÖ¯Íve cÖYxZ n‡qwQj| Gi d‡j gymwjg jxM me©fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© Av`v‡qi GKgvÎ ms¯’vq cwiYZ nq| wRbœvni G †PŠÏ `dvmg~n fwel¨‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avkv AvKv•Lvi cÖwZdjb N‡U| g~jZ wRbœvni †PŠÏ `dv †b‡niæ wi‡cv‡U©i cvëv cÖ¯Íve| †PŠÏ `dv fvi‡Zi Av‡jv‡K fwel¨r kvmbZš¿ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ gymwjg jxM weªwUk miKv‡ii  cÖwZ Pvc m„wó K‡i| †PŠÏ `dv gymjgvb‡`i gymwjg RvZxqev‡` D¾xweZ K‡i ¯^Zš¿ RvwZ ¯^Ë¡vi weKvk NUvq| hvi mdj cwiYwZ N‡U 1947 mv‡ji fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ívb bvgK ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi m„wói ga¨ w`‡q| Rvgvj DwÏb Avn‡g` e‡jb Ò †PŠÏ `dv we‡ePbv Ki‡j cwijw¶Z nq †h, †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e G‡Z cieZx©Kv‡j cvwK¯Ívb m„wói exR wbwnZ wQj| †PŠÏ `dvi c_ a‡iB gymjgvbiv ag©, K…wó, ms¯‹…wZ, BwZnvm, HwZn¨ wn›`y-gymjgvb `ywU c„_K RvwZi m~Pbv N‡U| G c_ a‡iB gymjgvbiv AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| †PŠÏ `dv gymjgvb‡`i gymwjg RvZxqev‡` D¾xweZ K‡i †Zv‡j| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^Zš¿ RvwZ ¯^Ë¡vi weKvk NUvq| †eMevb K‡i gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K Avevmf~wgi msMÖvg‡K| g~jZ fvi‡Z weªwUk kvmb ïay fvi‡Zi RbMY‡K ¯^vaxbZv †_‡KB ewa©Z K‡iwb| AwaKš‘ G kvm‡bi wfZ n‡”Q e¨vcKfv‡e RbMY‡K †kvlY Kiv, Avi Gi gva¨‡g fviZ‡K aŸs‡mi c‡_ wb‡q Avmv n‡q‡Q| ZvB fviZ‡K Aek¨B weªwUk miKv‡ii m‡½ mKj m¤úK© PzwK‡q c~Y© ¯^ivR ev c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB wRbœvni †PŠÏ `dvi gva¨‡gB gymjgvbiv me©cÖ_g c„_K RvwZ mËv wn‡m‡e cvwK¯Ívb bvgK ivóª MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve weªwUk miKv‡ii wbKU Zz‡j a‡i| Kvjµ‡gB cvwK¯Ívb ivóª MwVZ nq| wRbœvni †PŠÏ `dv weªwUk fvi‡Z wn›`y-gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K hvÎvc_ m„wó K‡i| 1947 mv‡j †h wØ RvwZ Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ fviZ wef³ n‡q fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb m„wó nq|

3.6 wØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡i aviYvt

‡gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn wØ RvwZ Z‡Ë¡i cÖeZ©K| wKšÍy Zvi eû c~‡e©B wn›`y gymjgv‡`i A‡bK ZvwZ¡K I eywØRxex G ZË cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb| 1883 mv‡j 16 Rvbyqvix m¨vi ˆmq` Avn‡g` Lvb GK e³…Zvq e‡jwQ‡jb gymjgvbiv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ RvwZ| 1888 mv‡j Zuvi Dw³ wQj, Ò gymjgvb I wn›`y G `ywU RvwZ GKB wmsnvm‡b e‡m mgfv‡e ¶gZv †fvM Ki‡e Giƒc Avkv Kiv Am¤¢e| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU‡K Ac‡ii Dci weRqx n‡q wewRZ‡K aivkvqx Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó Gi ci 1908 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m Ag„Zm‡i AbywôZ gymwjg jx‡Mi Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZi fvl‡b ˆmq` Avjx Bgvg ÔwØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡Õ-i ¯^c‡¶ e‡jb, mvgvwRK `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, nvRvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e©i g‡ZvB fvi‡Zi wn›`y I gymjvgbiv ci¯ú‡ii †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| ag© Z‡Ë¡i †¶‡Î Df‡qi wPšÍv fvebv m¤ú~Y© c„_K| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ aviYvi †¶‡ÎI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| RvwZMZ wewfbœZv QvovI Dfq m¤cÖ`vq Gi ag© Ges mvgvwRK a¨vb aviYvi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb mvaviY wgjb †¶Î †bB| m¤¢eZt Avjx Bgv‡gi e³…Zv BKev‡ji g‡Zv gnvb Kwe‡KI Mfxi fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq 1930 mv‡ji wW‡m¤i gv‡m AbywôZ gymwjg jx‡Mi 21 Zg Awa‡ek‡bi mfvcwZ wnmv‡e cÖ`Ë BKev‡ji fvl‡bi g‡a¨| GgbwK Ô‡Kw¤^ªR †MvôxÕI wQ‡jb ÔwØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡Õ-i cÖe³v|

wRbœvn Z_v gymwjg †bZ…e„‡›`i ÔwØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡Õ-i wfwˇZ fviZ wef³ n‡qwQj| ZvB mvaviY gvbyl G Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ ‡Kej gvÎ gymwjg ¯cÖ`v‡qi †hvM i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ BwZnvm Ab¨ K_v e‡j| cÖvK-¯^vaxb fvi‡Z †h mv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZi AwZKvq ˆ`‡Z¨i Avwef©e N‡UwQj, Zvi wcQ‡b gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv wn›`y‡`i `vq `vwqZ¡ Kg wQjbv| wRbœvni eû c~‡e©B wn›`y mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvev`xiv ÔwØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡Õ-i AeZvibv K‡i‡Qb| 1909 mv‡ji cÖKvwkZ ÔivRbxwZi AvZ¥nbbÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖe‡Ü Gj Puv` `g© wbi‡c¶ I RvZxqZ`vev`x bxwZ Abymi‡bi Rb¨ fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| H cÖe‡Ü wn›`y gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve Gi weiæ‡× ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb wn›`y‡`i Avnevb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| cÖeÜKvi ÔwØ-RvwZÕ K_vwU cÖZ¨¶fv‡e cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡jI Zvui e³‡e¨i g‡a¨B ÔwØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡Õ-i avibv cÖKvk †c‡qwQj| Gi ci wn›`y gnvmfvKi 1923 mv‡j Ôwn›`yZ¡Õ bv‡g GKwU cy¯ÍK iPbv K‡ib| Zv‡Z wZwb †KejgvÎ ÔwØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡Õ-i-B AeZvibv K‡ibwb, †mB mv‡_ ÔGK ivóª, GK RvwZ I ms¯‹…wZÕ cÖwZôvi †k­vMvb Zz‡jwQ‡jb| G cy¯Í‡K wn›`yi msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e-

                   AvwmÜz wmÜz ch©šÍ em¨ fviZf~wgKv

                   wcZ…f~ t cyb¨f„‰ðe m‡a wn›`y wiwZ ¯§„Z||

A_©vr wmÜz b` †_‡K mgy`ª ch©šÍ e„¯—…Z G fviZ f~wg‡K whwb Zvi wcZ…f~wg ¯^iƒc Ávb K‡ib wZwbB n‡jB cÖK…Z wn›`y| Zvi g‡Z wn›`„‡Z¡i j¶b n‡jv GK ivóª, GK RvwZ I GK ms¯‹…wZ| mfviKvi gymjgvb‡`i Ô we‡`wk nvbv`viÕ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| wZwb wLª÷vb I gymjgvb‡`i GgbwK hviv ag©šÍwiZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡`iI wn›`y e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| KviY Zv‡`I c~b¨f~wg h_vµ‡g Avie I c¨v‡j÷vBb G Aew¯’Z| mfviKvi wn›`y‡`I kΓ wnmv‡e gymjgvb‡`i wPwýZ Ki‡Zb| Avi Gm Gm Gi wØZxq mim•NPvjK gave m`vwke †Mvj IqjKi gymjgvb‡`i Ôwe‡`kxÕ, Ô‡`k‡`ªvnxÕ, cÖf„wZ bvbv we‡kl‡Y wef~wlZ Ki‡Zb|

3.7 mvBgb Kwgkb wi‡cvU© cÖZ¨vLvbt

1927 mv‡j mvBgb Kwgkb wb‡qvM Kivi ci fviZxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Zxeª cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq| 7 mZm¨ wewkó mvBgb Kwgk‡b †Kvb fviZxq‡`i AšÍf©~³ Kiv nqwb| ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB fviZxq RbMY G Kwgkb MVb‡K mybR‡i †`‡Lwb| fviZevmx GK ÔRvZxq AegvbbvÕ e‡j g‡b K‡i| Ks‡MÖm, gymwjg jxM, wjev‡ij †dWv‡ikb I wn›`y gnvmfv cÖf„wZ `j mvBgb Kwgk‡bi MVbZ‡š¿i wb›`v K‡ib| Kwgk‡b †Kvb fviZxq bv _vKvq fviZxq †bZ„e„›` G‡K m¤ú~Y© mv`v Kwgkb bv‡g we`ªƒc K‡i| 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx 10eQi ci fvi‡Zi kvmbZvwš¿K AMÖMwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU wewae× Kwgkb MVb Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| weavb Abyhvqx 10 eQi c~wZ©i c~‡e©B 1927 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m weªwUk miKvi weª‡U‡bi D`vi‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨ I cÖL¨vZ AvBbRxex m¨vi Rb mvBg‡bi †bZ„‡Z¡ GKwU Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq hv mvBgb Kwgkb bv‡g L¨vZ| 1930 mv‡j mvBgb Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U© gymjgvb‡`i wewfbœ `vwe`vIqv‡K D‡c¶v Kiv nq| d‡j Ks‡MÖ‡mi b¨q gymwjg jxMI D³ wi‡cv‡U© mš‘ó n‡Z cv‡i wb| ZvB gymwjg jxM G wi‡cvU©‡K cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i| fviZxq‡`i cÖavb `vwe wQj fviZ‡K ¯^vaxb †Wvwgwbq‡bi gh©v`v `vb| A_P mvBgb Kwgkb G wel‡q wbieZv cvjb K‡i| AwaKš‘ Kwgk‡b †Kvb fviZxq‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv nq wb| Giƒc bvbvwea Kvi‡Y mvBgb Kwgkb wi‡cvU© fviZxq‡`i mš‘ó weav‡b e¨_© nq| G Kwgk‡b gymjgvb‡`i A‡bK `vwe`vIqv c~iY nqwb| ZvB G Kwgkb‡K fvi‡Zi wewfbœ gnj wb›`v Ávcb K‡i| 1927 mv‡ji mvBgb Kwgkb fviZxq‡`i Avkv-AvKv•Lvi cªwZdjb NUv‡Z e¨_© nq| ZeyI G wi‡cvU©wU fvi‡Zi wek `k‡Ki ivR‰bwZK ch©v‡jvPbvi GKwU PgrKvi Av‡jL¨| Aa¨vcK GBP WI‡qj e‡jb, Ò mvBgb Kwgkb wi‡cvU© GKwU `xN© I g~j¨evb `wjj|Ó wR. B. ievU©‡mi g‡Z, Ò mvBgb Kwgkb wi‡cvU© me©Kv‡ji me©‡kªô fviZxq `wjj|Ó mvBgb Kwgkb wi‡cvU© gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ wgkª cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i| wi‡cv‡U© hy³ivóªxq kvmbZš¿ I cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb Gi mycvwik mvaviYfv‡e mgv`„Z n‡jI Zv‡`i Ab¨ `vwe¸‡jv c~i‡Y Kwgk‡bi D`vmxbZv gymjgvb‡`i nZvk K‡i| c¶všÍ‡i wn›`yiv Kwgk‡bi mycvwikmg~‡ni Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv I we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q| myZivs mvBgb Kwgk‡bi Øviv gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© D‡cw¶Z nIqvq gymjgvbiv c„_K ivóª MV‡bi `vwe‡Z †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V| ZvB A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib mvBgb Kwgkb Gi mycvwik mg~n hw` mwVKfv‡e g~j¨vqb n‡Zv Zv n‡j cÖv‡`kxK ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb A‡bK c~‡e©B AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv| G cÖm‡½ cÖ‡dmi wK_ gšÍe¨ K‡ib, Ò It was probably foolish of Indian opinion to repudiate the report out and out. If had been accepted, the British govt. could hardly have failed to work on ot and responsible government in the provinces would have been achived much earlier than it could be under any better scheme.” 

m¤ú~Y© Uvg© †ccviwU †c‡Z-01737731085