Thursday, March 10, 2016

বাংলাদেশের অর্থনীতিতে চাহিদা ও যোগানের গুরুত্ব





evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi ¸iæZ


cÖ_g Aa¨vqt
1.1 f~wgKv t
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg | mvaviY fv‡e Pvwn`v ej‡Z Avgiv  ‡Kvb wKQz cvIqv B”Qv ev AvKv•Lv‡K eywS| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v avibvwU Av‡iv my²fv‡e we‡kølY Kiv nq| †Kvb wKQy cvIqvi AvKv•Lv _vK‡j Zv‡K Pvwn`v ejv hvq bv | †hgb GKRb wfÿy‡Ki D‡ovRvnvR cvIqvi AvKv•Lv _vK‡Z cv‡i wKsev GKwU wkïi Pvu` cvIqvi AvKv•Lv _vK‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi AvKv•Lv‡K Pvwn`v ejv hvq bv| KviY wfÿz‡Ki D‡ovRvnvR µq Kivi Avw_©K A_© bvB | Avevi Avw_©K mvg_©¨ Øviv Pvu` µq Kiv m¤¢e bq| e¯‘Z t †Kvb wKQz cvIqvi †hŠw³K AvKv•Lv‡K Pvwn`v e‡j|
‡hŠw³K AvKv•Lvi ‡ÿ‡Î Avw_©K mvg_©¨, wbw`©ó `vg wbw`©ó e¨w³ , wbw`©ó  mgq BZ¨vw`i welq we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z nq| †hgb- GKRb miKvix Kg©Pvix GKwU Kw¤úDUvi AvKv•Lv K‡i| GgZve¯’vq, Kw¤úDUv‡ii `vg KZ Zv hw` Rvbv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j D³ Kg©Pvixi Kw¤úDUvi µq Kivi mvg_¨ Av‡Q wK bv Zv wba©vib Kiv hv‡e bv| Avevi. Kw¤úDUvi µq Kivi mvg_©¨ _vKv m‡Ë¦I D³ Kg©Pvix hw` g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î †hŠw³K AvPiY bv K‡i| A_©vr - †m hw` g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z ivwR bv nq Zvn‡j Zvi AvKv•Lv‡K Pvwn`v ejv hv‡e bv| Kv‡RB Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q, GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g, †Kvb GKRb wbw`©ó †fv³v, GKwU wbw`©ó  `ªe¨ †h cwigvY µq Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K ( A_v©r - `ªe¨wU cvIqvi AvKv•Lv, µ‡qi mvg_©¨ _v‡K Ges A_© e¨q Kivi B”Qv _v‡K) Zv‡K H `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v ejv nq|
 Aciw`‡K †hvMvb ej‡Z Avgiv eywS GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g, †Kvb we‡µZv GKwU wbw`©ó `ªe¨ †h cwigvY weµq Ki‡Z cÖ¯ÍyZ _v‡K Zv‡K H `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb ejv nq| †hgb hw` cÖwZ ‡KwR Avjyi `vg 10 UvKv nq| Zvn‡j J Ges J K¤úvwbi cÖwZ gv‡m GK nvRvi gb Avjy mieivn K‡i| D‡jøL¨ gIRy` Ges †hvMvb GK bq | Zvi mgy`q Ask‡K ejv nq gIRyZ | GB gIRy‡Zi †h Ask GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g we‡µZv weµq Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq ‡hvMvb|

 
1.2 welq e¯‘i eY©bvt
`v‡gi cwieZ©‡‡bi d‡j Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLvi cwieZ©b N‡U| `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`v I †hvMvb wewai Nwbó m¤úK© we`¨gvb| Pvwn`v wewa †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, `v‡gi cwieZ©b n‡j Pvwn`v wewaiI cwieZ©b N‡U| Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v A_©vr †fv³vi Avq, Af¨vm, iæwP| Ab¨ `ª‡e¨i `vg BZ¨vw` AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY K‡g Ges `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY ev‡o| A_©vr Pvwn`vi mv‡_ `v‡gi wecixZ m¤úK© we`¨gvb †hvMvb wewai mv‡_I `v‡gi Nwbó m¤úK© we`¨gvb| †hvMvb wewawU n‡”Q, †h wewai mvnv‡h¨ `vg I †hvMv‡bi m¤úK© cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K †hvMvb wewa e‡j| †hvMvb wewa †_‡K ejv hvq †h Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o Ges `vg Kg‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY K‡g Ges `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK© mggyLx| Pvwn`v I †hvMvb wewai cÖe³v n‡jb Aa¨vcK gvk©vj| `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b N‡U _v‡K| Pvwn`v `v‡gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| Ab¨vb¨ welq †hgb, †µZvi Avq, iæwP, Af¨vm †jvKmsL¨v cÖf…wZ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvwn`viI cwieZ©b N‡U _v‡K| wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ welq mKj mgq AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K bv| Ab¨vb¨ welq cwiewZ©Z n‡j `v‡gi cwieZ©b QvovI Pvwn`vi n«vm e„w× N‡U _v‡K| myZivs `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi QvovB hLb Ab¨vb¨ welq cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`vi n«vm e„w× N‡U Zv‡K Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b e‡j| `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Pvwn`v †iLv evg †_‡K Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx n‡q _v‡K| Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY ev‡o| `vg Ges Pvwn`vi G wecixZg~Lx m¤úK© †Kej abvZ¥K Xvj wewkó Pvwn`v †iLv A_©vr evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx Pvwn`v †iLv Øviv cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e| `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †hvMv‡bi cwieZ©b nq| Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v w¯’i †_‡K `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡YI cwieZ©b nq| A_©vr Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v w¯’i †_‡K hLb `ª‡e¨i `vg ev‡o ZLb hw` †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o Z‡e Zv‡K †hvMv‡bi m¤úªmviY e‡j| Aciw`‡K Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v w¯’i †_‡K `vg Kg‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvYI K‡g Z‡e Zv‡K †hvMvb ms‡KvPb e‡j| Aci `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y †hvMvb †iLv evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K EaŸ©Mvgx n‡q _v‡K| KviY †hvMvb wewa Abyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg Kg‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY K‡g Ges `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvYI ev‡o| `vg Ges †hvMv‡bi G m¤§yLx m¤ú©K †KejgvÎ abvZ¥K Xvj wewkó †hvMvb †iLv A_©vr †hvMvb †iLv evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K  EaŸ©Mvgx n‡q _v‡K| `v‡gi mv‡_ †hvMv‡bi wZb ai‡bi m¤úK© we`¨gvb| h_v, AwZ ¯^í ‡gqv`, ¯^í †gqv` Ges `xN© †gqv`| AwZ ¯^í †gqv‡` †hvMvb GK ev‡iB w¯’i _v‡K| d‡j AwZ ¯^íKvjxb mg‡q Pvwn`vB `ª‡e¨i `vg‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Pvwn`v K‡g †M‡j `vg K‡g hvq| AwZ ¯^í †gqv‡` †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv m¤ú~Y© Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK& ¯^í †gqv‡` †hvMv‡bi wKQzUv n«vm-e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| ¯^í‡gqv‡` KviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e GKB hš¿cvwZ‡K AwaK e¨envi K‡i †hvMvb LvwbKUv evovb hvq | ¯^í‡gqv‡` †hvMvb m¤ú~Y© Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK bq| Z‡e ¯^íKv‡j †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Kg| `xN©‡gqv‡` ¯’vqx g~jab, †hgb- hš¿cvwZ, `vjvb †KvVv BZ¨vw`i cwieZ©b K‡i †hvMv‡bi B”QvgZ cwieZ©b Kiv m¤¢e|

1.3 Uvg© †ccv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ mg~nt
  1. GLvb †_‡K Avgiv Pvwn`v, Pvwn`v A‡cÿK, Pvwn`v m~wP, Pvwn`v wewa I Pvwn`v †iLv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvB|
  2. GLvb †_‡K Avgiv †hvMvb , †hvMvb A‡cÿK, †hvMvb m~wP, †hvMvb wewa I †hvMvb †iLv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq|
  3. `vg e„w× †c‡j Pvwn`v †iLv Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
  4. `vg n«vm †c‡j Pvwn`v †iLv evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
  5. `vg e„w× ‡c‡j †hvMvb †iLv evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
  6. `vg n«vm †c‡j †hvMvb †iLv Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
  7. fvimvg¨ `v‡gi Dci Kiv‡ivc Kiv n‡j `vg e„w× cvq Ges `ª‡e¨i cwigvY n«vm cvq|
  8. fvimvg¨ `v‡gi Dci fZ©ywK cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j `vg n«vm cvq Ges `ª‡e¨i cwigvY e„w× cvq|

wØZxq Aa¨vqt
2.1 Pvwn`vi msÁv t
mvaviYZ †Kvb cY¨ cvIqvi ev †fvM Kivi B”Qv‡K Pvwn`v e‡j| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v kãwU GKwU we‡kl A_© enb K‡i| †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g GKRb ‡µZv †Kvb c‡Y¨i †h cwigvY µq K‡i ev µq Kivi B”Qv †cvlb K‡i Zv‡K Pvwn`v e‡j| †hgb , GKRb wfÿz‡Ki †gvUi Mvwo µq Kivi B”Qv Av‡Q wKš‘ Zvi Mvwo µq Kivi A_© bvB | Avevi GKRb abx K…c‡bi ‡Kvb wRwbm cvevi B”Qv Av‡Q Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© Av‡Q wKš‘ H A_© e¨q Kivi B”Qv †bB| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î wfÿz‡Ki †gvUi Mvwo µ‡qi B”Qv ev abx K…c‡bi `ªe¨ µ‡qi B”Qv A_©bxwZ‡Z †KvbUvB Pvwn`v bq| myZivs A_©bxwZ‡Z wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q Pvwn`v m„wó nq|
Aa¨vcK †cbmb e‡jb, †Kvb `ªe¨ cvIqv B”Qvi cðv‡Z A_© e¨q Kivi mvg_©¨ I A_© e¨q Kivi B”Qv _vK‡j ZLb Zv‡K Pvwn`v e‡j|
Pvwn`v wewai msÁv t
‡Kvb c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges Zvi `v‡gi g‡a¨ †h wecixZ m¤úK© weivR K‡i Zv‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v wewa e‡j|
Pvwn`v A‡cÿ‡Ki msÁv t
GKwU c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v †h mKj wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i Zv‡`i mv‡_ Pvwn`vi †h Kvh©Ki m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Zv‡K Pvwn`v A‡cÿK e‡j|
As‡Ki fvlvq , ¯^vaxb I Aaxb Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K  Pvwn`v A‡cÿK e‡j|
Pvwn`v †iLv t
Pvwn`v wewa‡Z ejv nq Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v ( †fv³vi Af¨vm, iywP, cQ›`, Avq¯Íi, m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg BZ¨vw`) AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY K‡g Ges `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY ev‡o| `vg Ges Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi ga¨Kvi GB wecixZ m¤úK© †h †iLv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq Pvwn`v †iLv|
Pvwn`v mywP t
Pvwn`v wewa‡Z ejv nq Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v ( †fv³vi Af¨vm, iywP, cQ›`, Avq¯Íi, m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg BZ¨vw`) AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY K‡g Ges `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY ev‡o| `vg Ges Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi ga¨Kvi GB wecixZ m¤ú©K †h Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K Pvwn`v mywP e‡j |
 
‡hvMv‡bi msÁv t
†hvMvb ej‡Z Avgiv eywS GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g, †Kvb we‡µZv GKwU wbw`©ó `ªe¨ †h cwigvY weµq Ki‡Z cÖ¯ÍyZ _v‡K Zv‡K H `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb ejv nq| †hgb hw` cÖwZ ‡KwR Avjyi `vg 10 UvKv nq| Zvn‡j J Ges J ‡Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZ gv‡m GK nvRvi gb Avjy mieivn K‡i| D‡jøL¨ gIRy` Ges †hvMvb GK bq | Zvi mgy`q Ask‡K ejv nq gIRyZ | GB gIRy‡Zi †h Ask GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g we‡µZv weµq Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq ‡hvMvb|
Aa¨vcK †gqvm© e‡jb , Ò†Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q wewfbœ m¤¢ve¨ `v‡g ‡Kvb `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY weµ‡hi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zvi ZvwjKv‡K †hvMvb e‡j| Ó
Aa¨vcK i¨vMbvi Ges ngvm e‡jb,Ò †Kvb dvg© wbw`©ó `v‡g †h cwigvY `ªe¨ weµ‡qi Rb¨ B”Qv †cvlb K‡i , ZvB nj †hvMv‡bi cwigvY|Ó
‡hvMvb wewai msÁv t
Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v ( Drcv`b cÖhyw³, DcKi‡bi MwZkxjZv, ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ  BZ¨vw`) AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o Ges `vg Kg‡j †hvM‡bi cwigvY K‡g| `vg Ges †hvMv‡bi ga¨Kvi GB abvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb wewa e‡j|
‡hvMvb A‡cÿ‡Ki msÁv t
 Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v ( Drcv`b cÖhyw³, DcKi‡bi MwZkxjZv, ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ  BZ¨vw`) AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o Ges `vg Kg‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY K‡g| `vg Ges †hvMv‡bi ga¨Kvi GB abvZ¥K m¤úK© hLb MvwYwZK fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq †hvMvb A‡cÿK |
‡hvMvb m~wPi msÁv t
Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v ( Drcv`b cÖhyw³, DcKi‡bi MwZkxjZv, ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ  BZ¨vw`) AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o Ges `vg Kg‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY K‡g| `vg Ges †hvMv‡bi ga¨Kvi GB abvZ¥ K m¤úK© †h Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K †hvMvb m~wP e‡j|
‡hvMvb †iLvi  msÁv t
Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v ( Drcv`b cÖhyw³, DcKi‡bi MwZkxjZv, ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ  BZ¨vw`) AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg evo‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ev‡o Ges `vg Kg‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY K‡g| `vg Ges †hvMv‡bi ga¨Kvi GB abvZ¥ K m¤úK© †h †iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq †hvMvb †iLv|

  Z…Zxq Aa¨vq t
3.1   Z_¨ msMÖn c×wZt
†h †Kvb M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î mywbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq | mvaviYZ M‡elYvq `ywU Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| h_vt-
1.       cÖv_wgK Drm
2.      gva¨wgK Drm
eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ wn‡m‡e gva¨wgK Drm‡K e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ M‡elYvag©x MÖš’ D”Pgva¨wgK, ¯œvZK Gi wewfbœ †jL‡Ki eB †_‡K msM„wnZ|
3.2  gva¨wgK Drm t
gva¨wgK Drm ej‡Z Avgiv eyS B‡Zvc~‡e© †Kv e¨w³ KZ©„K msMÖnxZ cÖv_wgK DcvË mg~n‡K hw` eZ©gv‡b AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K gva¨wgK Drm e‡j| Avgiv g~jZ wewfbœ eB cvV K‡i Uvg© †ccviwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q hv gva¨wgK Dr‡mi AvIZvq c‡o|
GB Uvg© †ccviwU ¸YMZ welq| †Kvb cÖv_wgK Drm e¨envi Kiv nqwb| wewfbœ cvV¨µg †_‡K GwU iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

c~Y© Uvg© †ccviwU †c‡Z- 01737731085

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