উন্নয়নশীল দেশ হিসেবে বাংলাদেশে বৈদেশিক সাহায্যের প্রভাব

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

1.1 f~wgKv t

we‡k¦i cÖvq me¸‡jv Dbœqbkxj †`k Kg ‡ekx ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxj| ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ ej‡Z GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Lv`¨, cÖKí Aby`bv, FY, `ªe I KvwiMwi BZ¨vw` me iK‡gi †`k ewnf©yZ mnvqZv MÖnY I cÖ`vb Dfq‡K eySvq| A_vsr †h †Kvb ai‡b Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZvB n‡jv ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨|

Z…Zxq we‡k¦i gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ KiZ wecyj As‡Ki A‡_©i cÖ‡qvR‡b| Dc‰ewkK kvmb I †kvl‡bi hvZvK‡ji Z„Zxq we‡k¦i m¤ú` kvjx †`k AvR we‡k¦i `wi`ªZg †`k wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ G `ywU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki †ÿ‡Î ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| †Kbbv cÖwZwU AbybœZ †`k‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ ‰e‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©i  Ki‡Z nq| g~ja‡bi Zxeª msK‡Ui Kvi‡bB Dbœqb gyjK KvR Kivi Rb¨ ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ GKvšÍ Ryiæwi n‡Z c‡o|

wbR¯^ Rbc` n‡Z mKj Pvwn`v c~iY KiZ| wKš‘ mZ¨Zvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Ges cieZ©x‡Z Zzjbvg~jK evwYR¨ ZË¡Õ weKwkZ nIqvi ci wewfbœ †`k G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o| Z…Zxh we‡k¦ †ÿ‡Î G wbf©i kxjZv GZ †ekx cÖKU n‡q‡Q †h ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Qvov eZ©gvb Z…Zxh we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z GK cv AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i bv|

1.2 ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wKt

c„w_exi Dbœqbkxj Ges ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k mg~‡n wbgœ Av‡qi Kvi‡Y Ges bvbvwea cÖvwZôvwbK Amyweavi Kvi‡Y m‡qi nvi LyeB wbgœ _v‡K| cwibv‡g G mKj †`‡k g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv †`Lv ‡`q| GgZve¯’vq GmKj †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb &cÖwµqv Pvjy hvIqvi Rb¨ we‡`k †_‡K FY I Aby`vb MÖnY M„nxZ mvnvh¨ Avw_©K I KvwiMwi g~jab bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv hvq|

          ‰e‡`wkK mvnvh¨ ej‡Z wK †evSvq †m m¤ú‡K© RvwZms‡Ni AwfgZ n‡”Q Dbœq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ †Kvb †`‡ki cÖwZ we‡`‡ki Aby`vb I `xN©‡gqv`x FYB n‡jv ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨|

          ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨‡K ˆe‡`wkK g~jabI ejv nq| AvaywbK wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK FY`vb cÖwZôvb c„w_exi A‡bK Dbœqbkxj I ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡k Avw_©K mvnh¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q| AvRKvj A‡bK e„nr `vZv‡`k ˆe‡`wkK e¨w³MZ g~jab wewb‡qv‡Mi GK ai‡bi mvnvh¨ e‡j g‡b K‡i _v‡K|

1.3 evsjv‡`‡k ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i cÖKvi‡f` t

ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i aiY I cÖK…wZ wePvi K‡i G‡K wb‡gœ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvh| †hgbt

1.     cÖKí mvnh¨

2.     Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ Ges

3.     cY¨ mvnvh¨

1.     cÖKí mvnvh¨ t †Kvb wbw`©ó cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †h ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K cªKí mvnvh¨ e‡j| cÖKí mvnv‡h¨i g‡a¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ Abyf©y³ _v‡K| KvwiMwi mvnv‡h¨i Øviv cÖK‡íi mv‡_ mswkøó|

2.     Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ t evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ NvUwZ c~i‡bi Rb¨ Lv`¨km¨ AvKv‡i †h mvnvh¨ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ e‡j |

3.     cY¨ mvnvh¨ t Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨vekKxq cY¨ Avg`vwbi e¨qfvi wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ †h mvnvh¨ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cY¨ mvnvh¨ e‡j|

Dc‡i DwjøwLZ cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi mvnvh¨‡K Avevi wb‡gœv³fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:

K) Aby`vb I FY t

Aby`vb ej‡Z H mvnvh¨‡K eySvq hv `vZv ms¯’v ev †`k‡K Avi †diZ †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| GUv A‡bKUv `vb Kivi mvwgj| FY wn‡m‡e mvnv‡h¨ †c‡j Zv Aek¨B my`mn c~e© wba©vwiZ mg‡q †diZ w`‡Z nq|

L. bM` mvnvh¨ I `ªe¨ mvnvh¨ t

bM` mvnvh¨ bM` †h A_© _v‡K Ges `ªe¨vKv‡i _v‡K| bM` mvnvh¨ †hgba Wjvi, cvDÛ, B‡qj BZ¨vw` Ges `ªe¨ mvnvh¨ n‡jv mvi, hš¿cvwZ, Pvi, Mg, we‡kl¨ BZ¨vw`|

M. kZ©hy³ I kZ©gy³ mvnvh¨t †h mvnv‡h¨i mv‡_ kZ©hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K kZ©hy³ Ges †h mvnv‡h¨i †Kvb kZ© _v‡K bv Zv‡K kZ©gy³ mvnvh¨ e‡j |

1.4  ˆe‡`wkK g~jab I ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ t

Ò‰e‡`wkK g~jabÓ ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨Ò kã `ywU‡K mvaviYfv‡e GKB A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z A‡b‡KB e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‘ `ywU avibv cÖK…Z A‡_© GK bq| ˆe‡`wkK gyjab I ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ aviYv `ywUi g‡a¨ wKwQzUv cv_©K¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ˆe‡`wkK g~jab ej‡Z mivmwi ˆe‡`wkK A_© ev cywR wewb‡qvM‡K †evSvq| ¯^v‡ívbœZ †`k mg~‡n Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv i‡q‡Q| ZvB A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z G mKj †`k ˆe‡`wkK g~jab ev ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †`kxq D‡`¨³v I Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡`i Afv‡eB ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k mg~n we‡`kx g~jab MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| we‡`kx &D‡`¨³iv †`kxq miKv‡ii AbygwZ ¯^v‡c‡ÿ mivmwi ev miKvi †`kxq D‡`¨v³v‡`i mv‡_ mn‡hvMxZv Ges Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ m‡ívbœZ †`k mg~‡n wkí KviLvbv M‡o Zzj‡Z m¤ú` wewb‡qvM K‡i Zv‡KB ejv nq ‰e‡`wkK g~jab|

          cÿvšÍ‡i, †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡`kx miKvi ev ms¯’v KZ©„K cÖ`Ë FY ev Aby`vb‡KB ejv nq ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨| ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Øviv cwiPvwjZ wkí KviLvbv ev cÖK‡íi †Kvb gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ mvnvh¨ `vZv †`k ev ms¯’vi  _v‡K bv|  Zviv †Kvb gybvdvI †fvM K‡i bv| Z‡e mvnvh¨ `vZv †`k ev ms¯’v Pzw³ Abymv‡i cÖ`Ë mvnv‡h¨i my` ‡c‡q _v‡K|  Pzw³i wbw`©ó †gqv` †kl n‡j mvnvh¨ MÖnYKix †`k‡K Pzw³i kZ©vbymv‡i M„nxZ F‡Yi Avmj I my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|

ˆe‡`wkK g~jab I ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i g‡a¨ Gfv‡eB cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq|

wØZxq Aa¨vq

2.1 Z…Zxq wek¦ †`k ev Dbœqbkxj †`k wKt

msÁv t

†hmKj †`k ÿzav, `vwi`ª¨ AÁZv I wbivcËv nxbZvi gZ mKj †ÿ‡Î bvRyK I m¼Uvcbœ Ae¯’v AwZµg K‡i bvbv Kg©m~wP I e¨vcK ZrciZvi gva¨‡g Rxeb hvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wbgœ Av‡qi ¯Íi †_‡K gv‡Swi Av‡qi ¯Í‡i Ges gvSvwi Av‡qi ¯Íi †_‡K D”P Av‡qi ¯Í‡i †cŠQv‡bvi cÖqvm Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q, †m mKj ‡`k‡K Dbœqbkxj †`k ev Z…Zxq wek¦ †`k e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

†h mg¯Í †`‡k A_‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Ges hviv A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ I ¯’weiZvi APjvqZb †f‡½ B‡Zvg‡a¨B K…wl I wkí †ÿ‡Î LvwbKUv AMÖmi n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i‡K Dbœqbkxj †`k ejv nq|

Dbœqbkxj †`k ej‡Z eySvq, †h †`‡k c×wZMZfv‡e `xN©Kvjxb cÖK…Z RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq |                              [Aa¨vcK gvqvi]

Ò Dbœqkxj †`k n‡”Q Ggb GKwU †`k, †hLv‡b cÖwZ N›Uv Kv‡Ri wfwˇZ Drcv`b e„w× cv‡”Q|Ó [              Aa¨vcK jyBm]

Ò Dbœqbkxj †`k n‡”Q gv_vwcQz Drcv`b ÿgZvi `xN©Kvjxb AMÖMwZ hv RvZxq Dbœq‡bK Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i _v‡K|Ò

                               [ Aa¨vcK mœvBWvi]

DwjøwLZ msÁv¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq †h, Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi AwaKvsk †`k&B Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki AšÍf©~³| †gvU K_v †h mKj †`k Zv‡`i A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ euvav mg~n `~i K‡i `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK DbœwbZi w`‡K avweZ n‡”Q Zv‡`i‡K Dbœqbkxj †`k e‡j|

2.2 Dbœqbkxj †`k ev Z…Zxh wek¦ †`‡ki ‰ewkó¨t

wb‡gœ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki ˆewkó¨ ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

1.     RxebhvÎvi gvb wbgœt Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wj cÖ_g Awfbœ ˆewkó¨ nj GB †h, GLv‡b mvaviY RbM‡Yi Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Lye wbPz| Abœi¯¿ evm ¯’vb, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, cwienb mn mKj †ÿ‡Î ¯^v”Q›`¨c~Y© I DbœZ Rxe‡bi K_v G‡`‡ki RbM‡bi wbKU GKwU AwPšÍbxq wemq e‡j g‡b nq| ÿzav, `vwi`ª¨, Abvnvi I Acywó G mKj ‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rxeb hvÎvi gv‡bi Acwinvh© ˆewkó¨|

2.     Drcv`‡bi wbgœ gvÎv t Dbœqbkxj †`k ¸wj‡Z cY¨ I †mevi Drcv`‡bi gvÎv Lye wbPz| hLb GKwU †`‡k wbZ¨ e¨envh©| wRwbmcÎ cywR wnmv‡e wewb‡qvM‡hvM¨ cY¨ Ges iæßvwb‡hvM¨ mvgMÖx cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Drcvw`Z nq, ZLb H †`‡k Dbœq‡bi AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó nq|

3.     RbmsL¨v e„w×i D”Pnvi t Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ nj RbmsL¨v e„w×i D”Pnvi| c„w_exi †gvU RbmsL¨vi wZb PZz_©vs‡ki †ewk gvbyl GB †`k ¸wj‡Z emevm K‡i| m½Z Kvi‡bB G †`k ¸wj‡Z †gvU RbmsL¨v e…w×i cwigvY †ewk| Z`ycwi, G †`k¸wji RbM‡Yi Awkÿv, Kzms¯‹vi, AÁZv, wPË-we‡bv`b myweavi Afve ev ¯^íZv cÖf…wZ bvbv Kvi‡Y GLv‡b Rb¥nvi Lye †ewk|

4.     K…wl Dbœqb t Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki K…wl e¨e¯’vi cyiv‡bv gvÜvZvi Avg‡ji Pvlvev` c×wZi cwie‡Z© AvaywbK DbœZ c×wZi hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| †mP e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ NU‡Q Ges DbœZ ai‡bi exR I ivmvqwbK mv‡ii e¨envi ïiæ n‡q‡Q|

5.     wkí Dbœqb t G mg¯Í †`‡k wkí †ÿ‡Îi ¯’weiZvI †K‡U wM‡q‡Q| wk‡ívbœq‡bi hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q Ges µgvMZ bZzb bZzb wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vwcZ n‡”Q| d‡j RvZxq Av‡q wkíLv‡Zi Ae`vb µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| Z‡e GLbI ch©šÍ K…wlB G mg¯Í †`‡ki RbM‡Yi cÖavb DcRxweKv|

6.     RvZxq I gv_vwcQz Av‡qi µ‡gvbœwZ t K…wl I wkí‡ÿ‡Î LvwbKUv AMÖmi nIqvi Kvi‡Y ‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQz Avq ax‡i n‡jI µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| ]

7.     g~jab MVb t Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z g~jab MV‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| RbM‡Yi gv_v wcQz Avq e„w×i d‡j m‡qi ÿgZv µgk e„w× cv‡”Q|

8.     wkÿvi cÖmvi t G mg¯Í †`‡ki Ae‡PZb MYgvb‡m eZ©gv‡b wkÿvi cÖwZ AvMÖn m„wó n‡q‡Q| miKvwi I †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M ¯‹zj-K‡jR ¯’vwcZ n‡”Q| d‡j G mg¯Í †`‡k wkÿvi nvi µgk e„w× cv‡”Q|

9.     `vwi‡`ªi `yóPµ t evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR Rxeb `vwi‡`ª¨ `yóP‡µ AvewZ©Z| g~ja‡bi Afve, cÖhyw³i Afve, gvÜvZvi Avg‡j K…wlc×wZ, Awfkß `vwi`ª cÖf…wZ evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©- mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b evavi m„wó Ki‡Q| †`‡ki kZvsk gvbyl GLbI `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i| `vwi`ª¨B Avgv‡`i Av_©- mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ cÖavb evav|

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

3.1 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i weeiY :

¯^vaxbZvi Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB evsjv‡`k ˆe‡`wkK jvf K‡i Avm‡Q| GLbI Avgiv cÖwZeQi cÖPzi mvnvh¨ jvf KiwQ| 1971-72 A_© eQi n‡Z  2009-2010 A_© eQi ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k †gvU cÖwZkÖæwZ F‡Yi cwigvY wQj 6404.20 †KvwU gvwK©b Wjvi| Gi g‡a¨ Aby`v‡bi cwigvY wQj 2624.20 †KvwU Wjvi Ges FY 3780 †KvwU Wjvi| cÖwZkªywZ mvnv‡h¨i g‡a¨ D³ mg‡q Aegy³ n‡q‡Q †gvU 51991.1 †KvwU Wjvi| Gi g‡a¨ Aby`v‡bi cwigvY wQj 2225.40 †KvwU Wjvi Ges FY 2973.70 †KvwU Wjvi| Aegy³ mvnv‡h¨i gy‡a¨ Aby`v‡bi cwigvY wQj kZKiv 42.80 fvM Ges F‡Yi cwigvY kZKiv 57.20 fvM|

wb‡gœ mviwY‡Z 1971-72 A_© eQi n‡Z 2009-10 A_© eQi ch©šÍ weMZ Pvi`k‡K evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZkÖæZ I cÖvß ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i wnmve  cÖ`vb Kiv nj :

ˆe‡`wkK A_©‰bwZK mvnv‡h¨i A½xKvi I Aegyw³:

9

3.2 evsjv‡`‡k Drm wfwËK mvnvh¨ t

evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ Drm †_‡K ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| wewfbœ †`k/ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvß Drm wfwË ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i wnmve wb‡gœ mviwY‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

3.3 evsjv‡`‡k ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i c‡ÿ wec‡ÿt

K) ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ t wb‡P evsjv‡`‡k ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i c‡ÿ hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiv  n‡jv :

1.     A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb t evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœhb wbwðZ Ki‡Z wecyj As‡Ki A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| Jcwb†ewkK kvmb I †kvl‡bi d‡j GKKv‡ji m¤ú`kvjx evsjv‡`k AvR Z…Zxq we‡k¦i GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k Z_v `wi`ª‡`k| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK `y-ai‡bi dv‡K c‡o Av‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q mÂq I wewb‡qvM dvuK | evsjv‡`‡k mÂq Kg I wewb‡qvM ‡ewk| Avi GKwU n‡jv Avg`vwb iæßvwb dvK|

2.     cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i e¨envi t ‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K AwaKnv‡i e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e | G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv _vKvi ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Avkªq MÖnY Kiv Avek¨K|

3.     K…wl Dbœqbt evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ K…wl cÖavb n‡jI cÖ‡qvRbxq AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ, KjKR¡v I ivmvqwbK mv‡ii e¨envi m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡PQ bv g~ja‡bi Afv‡e| ZvQvov gyja‡bi Afv‡e †mU e¨e¯’viI m¤úªmviY NUv‡bv hv‡”Q bv| ZvB K…wl Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxj _vK‡ZB n‡e|

4.     wk‡ívbœqb t †`‡ki A_©‡bwZK Dbœq‡bi Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡j wk‡ívbœqb MwZ Aek¨B Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki wk‡ívbœq‡bi MwZ Aek¨B Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki wk‡ívbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖPzi g~jab `ªe hš¿cvwZ, KvuPvgvj we`y¨r kw³ cÖf…wZi cÖ‡qvRb| ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Qvov G mK‡ji mieivn wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e bq|

5.     AeKvVv‡gv MVb t  evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQz g~jab MVb Kg| d‡i wewb‡qvMI Kg| ZvB Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ iv¯ÍvNvU, †ijc_, moK c_, †mZz cÖf…wZ AeKvVv‡gv MUb †Kv‡U© cÖ‡qvRbxq wewb‡qvM ch©vßfv‡e, m¤¢e nq bv| G mKj †ÿ‡Î wekvj As‡Ki A‡_©i wewb‡qvM Avek¨K| GgZve¯’vq As‡Ki A‡_©i wewb‡qvM mvnvh¨ Aek¨B MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

6.     Lv`¨ Avg`vwb t µgea©gvb ARbmsL¨vi †cÖwÿ‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Lv`¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| Lv`¨ NvUwZi Rb¨ ZvB evsjv‡`k‡K ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡”Q|

7.     DbœZ cÖhyw³ we`¨vi Avg`vwb t wk‡ívbœq‡bi Rb¨ DbœZ cÖhyw³ we`¨vi cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k cÖhyw³we`¨vi h‡_ó Afve i‡q‡Q| myZivs Gme cÖhyw³ Avgv`vwbi †ÿ‡ÎI ˆe‡`wk mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv GKvšÍ Kvg¨|

8.     g~jab msMÖnt evsjv‡`‡ki `wi`ª RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQz Avq K‡gi Rb¨ mÂq Kg, ZvB †`‡ki mvgwMÖK g~jab wbZvšÍ Aí| wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ g~jab AZ¨vek¨K|

9.     iæßvwb e„w× t ˆe‡`wkK wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡Z n‡j iæßvwb e„w× Kiv Riæwi| wKš‘ iæßvwb e„w×i Rb¨ †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b evov‡Z nq| G D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI we‡`kx mvnvh¨ I F‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq|