নিত্য প্রয়োজনীয় দ্রব্যের মূল্য ও পরিমানের পরিবর্তনের প্রেক্ষিতে বিভিন্ন পদ্ধতিতে সূচক সংখ্যা নির্ণয়

wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ I cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ges Rxeb hvÎvi e¨‡qi Dci wm.wc.AvB cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve|

cÖ_g Aa¨vqt

1.1       m~Pbv t (Introduction)

 eZ©gvb mg‡q m~PK msL¨v Ggb GKwU aviYv hvi Øviv A_©bxwZ , e¨emv-evwbR¨ Ges mgvR weÁv‡bi bvbvwea welq Gi †ÿ‡Î wm×všÍ MÖnb Kiv hvq| GUv Ggb GKwU msL¨v hvi Øviv †Kv‡bv welq e¯‘i cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K eySvq| wewfbœ e¯‘ ev `ª‡e¨i g~j¨, Drcv`b, †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi, RbmsL¨v, gRywi, Avg`vwb, ißvwb, jvf-‡jvKmvb, RxebhvÎv LiP BZ¨vw` mgq ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ˆewk‡ó¨i cwiewZ©Z nq| Gme cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡b cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e Mo wbb©q Kiv KwVb| GB Zyjbvg~jK cwieZ©b cwigv‡ci Rb¨ A_©bxwZwe` Ges cwimsL¨vb we`MY m~PK msL¨v bvgK GK cÖKvi cwigvc Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|

BZvwji Awaevmx Giovani Rinoldo Corli 1764 mv‡j me©cÖ_g g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v wbb©q K‡ib| Colombus Gi Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi BZvwji A_©bxwZ‡Z weiæc cÖfve c‡o , d‡j wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq  `ª‡e¨i `vg †e‡o hvq| Giovani Rinoldo Corli 1500 mvj‡K wfwË eQi a‡i 1750 mv‡ji wZbwU c‡Y¨i †kl R¡vjvwb g`¨ g~‡j¨i Abycv‡Zi MvwYwZK Mo wb‡q GKwU m~PK msL¨v cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib| wZwb G m~PK msL¨vi gva¨‡g BZvwji 250 erm‡ii `ªe¨g~j¨ cwieZ©‡bi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ cÖ`vb K‡ib|

1.2 g~j ‡cÖÿvcU t

eZ©gvb mg‡q e¨emv evwbR¨,A_©bxwZ, mgvRweÁvb cÖf~wZ †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i Rxeb Av½vAv½xfv‡e RwoZ| A_©bxwZ Ges e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i †ewki fvM welqB AZ¨šÍ MwZkxj| d‡j mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Pj‡Ki wKiæc cwieZ©b nq †m m¤ú‡K©  my¯úó aviYv cvIqv hvq m~PK msL¨vi gva¨‡g | m~PK msL¨v Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wbZ¨cª‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ mvgM¨xi mwVK e¨envi m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡q _v‡K| m~PK msL¨v mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv AwZ mn‡R cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ‡Z mg‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z, ¯’v‡bi ‡cÖwÿ‡Z †Kvb PjK ev ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b wKfv‡e nq Zv cwigvY Ki‡Z cvwi| m~PK msL¨v g~jZ GKwU we‡klvqZ Mo| A_©vr †ewki fvM Z_¨ g~‡j¨i gva¨‡g, cwigv‡Yi gva¨‡g ev g~j¨gv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ KivB m~PK msL¨vi g~j KvR| A_©vr GKwU †`‡ki A_© bxwZi evwYwR¨K Ae¯’vi wKiæc cwieZ©b cwijwÿZ nq ev †Kvb Ae¯’vq DcbxZ nq Zv g~jZ m~PK msL¨vi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq| G‡KK †ÿ‡Î m~PK msL¨v G‡KK iKg n‡q _v‡K | m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi c~‡e© D‡Ïk¨ wVK Ki‡Z nq| †mB D‡Ï‡k¨i m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| Zv bv n‡j A‡bK mgm¨vi m¤§yÿxb n‡Z nq hv fwel¨‡Z RwUj iæc aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i | hw` ‡Kvb cÖwôv‡bi Drcv`b msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi Rb¨ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î, g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v ev RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e bv | Kvib GwU †Kvb Kv‡R Avm‡e bv | Avevi kÖwgK‡`i gRywi wba©viY msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi Rb¨ RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| Avevi UvKvi µq ÿgZv cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v wbYq Ki‡Zi nq| m~PK  msL¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~b© welq nj wfwË eQi wbe©vPb  Kiv | Avi wfwË eQiwU n‡Z n‡e ¯^vfvweK Ges w¯’wZkxj Avw_©K eQi| †h eQi ‡Kv‡bv eb¨v , Liv, gnvgvix , N~wb©So, R‡jv”&Qvm BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv ‡Kv‡bv cÖK„wZK `~‡hvM N‡Uwb| mwVK Ges h_v_© m~PK msL¨v wbb©q Kivi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK eQ‡i wfwË eQi ai‡Z n‡e| e¨emvwqK wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi †ÿ‡Î m~PK msL¨v we‡kølY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| e¨emvwqKMY fwel¨‡Z AwaK gybvdv AR©b Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wKsev Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi D‡Ï‡k¨ c~e© †_‡KB A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wePvi we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| e¨vemvwqKMb AZxZ AwfÁZv K‡i Ges eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZi MwZ cÖK…wZ we‡kølY K‡i fwel¨r m¤ú©‡K wmØvšÍ Mªnb K‡i| Gfv‡e AZx‡Zi AwfÁZv Ges eZ©gvb A_©‰bwZK , mgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I e¨emvwqK welqvw`i Pzj‡Qiv we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ m~PK msL¨v e¨e¯’v K‡i AwZ mn‡R Z_¨ †ei Kiv hvq| A_©vr Avgv‡`i ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ m¤úK©hy³ `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ ev `ª‡e¨i cwigv‡Yi Av‡cwÿK cwieZ©‡bi nvi cÖKvk KivB m~PK msL¨vi g~j e³e¨|

1.3            welqe¯‘i D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ t

2.     wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i AZxZ I eZ©gvb g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf

3.     fwel¨‡Z wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ I cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ m~PK msL¨v m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf|

4.     Rxeb hvÎvi e¨‡qi Dci CPI Gi cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf|

5.     GKB fv‡e kÖwgK†`i gRyix wba©viY msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q m¤ú‡K© Rvbv  |

6.     m~PK msL¨v wbY©q c×wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf|

 

wØZxq Aa¨vqt

2.1 m~PK msL¨vt (Index Number)

m~PK msL¨vi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã nj Index Number. m~PK msL¨v m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ cwimsL¨vbwe` Zv‡`i gZvev` cÖKk K‡i‡Qb|

Aa¨vcK Speigel Gi g‡Z- “An Index Number is a Statisticl measure designed to show change in variables or a group of realated variables with respect to time, geographic location or other Characteristics.”

Patterso Gi g‡Z- “In its simplest form an index number is the ratio of two index numbers is a stastical measure- a measure designed to show changes in one variable or in a group of related variables over time on with respect to geographic location of other characteristics”.

Croxton Ges Cowden Gi g‡Z “ Index numbers are devices for measuring difference in the magnitude of a group of related variables.”

e¯‘Z, †h msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ Ae¯’vq e¯‘mg~‡ni `v‡gi cwigvY wKsev gv‡bi Av‡cwÿZ cwieZ©b cÖKvwkZ nq| Zv‡K m~PK msL¨v ev  Index numbers  e‡j|

  

2.2 m~PK msL¨vi ˆewkó¨t (Characteristics of Index Number)

m~PK msL¨vi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ nj GwU GKwU Mo| GQvov m~PK msL¨vi Av‡iv K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-

1.      GwU mvaibZ kZKivq cÖKvk Kiv nq|

2.     GwU GKwU AbycvZ e‡j Gi ‡Kv‡bv GKK †bB|

3.     GwU GKwU Zyjbvg~jK cwigvc|

4.     hw` m~PK msL¨v GKwU gvÎ Pj‡Ki Rb¨ wbY©q Kiv nq Z‡e Zv‡K Univeriate index ejv nq|

5.     A‡bK¸‡jv Pj‡Ki Rb¨ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Composite Index ejv nq|

2.3 m~PK msL¨vi D‡Ïk¨t

e¨emv evwYR¨ , A_©bxwZ, mgvRweÁvb cÖf„wZ †ÿÎ eûwea D‡Ï‡k¨ m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq| G‡KK ‡ÿ‡Î m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi D‡Ïk¨ G‡KK iKg| m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi c~‡e© D‡Ïk¨ wbe©vP‡b wefªvwšÍ _v‡K Zvn‡j D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ mgvR m¤ú~Y© m~PK msL¨v wbYx©Z n‡e bv| d‡j m~PK msL¨vi Øviv h_v_© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv, wKsev mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv| cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K|

 2.4 m~PK msL¨vi cÖKvi†f`t (Types of Index Number)

‡ewki fvM Z_¨ g~‡j¨i gva¨‡g, cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g ev g~j¨ gv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| Av‡jvwPZ welq e¯‘i cÖK„wZ Abymv‡i m~PK msL¨v‡K g~jZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-

Ø g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v (Price Index Number)

Ø cwigvb m~PK msL¨v (Quantity Index Number)

Ø g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v ( Value Index Number)

G¸‡jv QvovI wKQz m~PK msL¨v cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q|

‡hgb-

Ø wkí  ZrciZv m~PK msL¨v

Ø RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v

1.           g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v (Price Index Number)t

†h m~P‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wfwË eQ‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ PjwZ eQ‡ii `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi Av‡cwÿK cwieZ©‡bi nvi cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K `vg m~PK msL¨v ev g~j¨m~PK msL¨v e‡j| †hgb- †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i `vg 2008 mv‡j P<sub>0</sub> UvKv n‡j Ges 2012 mv‡j P<sub>n</sub>  UvKv n‡j, 2008 mv‡ji `v‡gi wfwˇZ 2012 mv‡ji  g~j¨m~PK msL¨v = P_n/ P₀  x 100

Avevi, 2012 mv‡ji wfwˇZ 2008 mv‡ji g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v = P₀/ P_n  x 100

hw` 2008  I  2012 mv‡j `ªe¨wUi `vg h_vµ‡g 200 UvKv I 350 UvKv nq Zvn‡j,    2008 mv‡ji wfwˇZ  2012 mv‡ji `ªe¨wUi `vg m~PK msL¨v = P₀/ P_n  x100= 350/200 x100=175

A_v©r `ªe¨wUi `vg (175-100) = 75% e„wØ †c‡q‡Q|

g~j¨m~PK msL¨v Avevi `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|

Ø cvBKvix g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v ( Whole sale Price Index Number)

Ø LyPiv g~j¨m~PK msL¨v ( Retail Price Index Number)

      i.            cvBKvix g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v ( Whole sale Price Index Number)t

G m~PK msL¨v GKwU †`‡ki mvavib g~j¨ ¯Ív‡ie cwieZ©b cwbgvY K‡i| G ai‡bi m~PK msL¨v GKwU †`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb `ªe¨ ev c‡Y¨i wfwˇZ wbY©q Kiv nq| †`‡ki g~j¨¯Íi Ges A‡_©i µqÿgZv GB m~PK msL¨vi Øviv wbY©q Kiv nq|

   ii.            LyPiv g~j¨ m~PK msL¨v ( Retail Price Index Number)t

G m~PK msL¨v ¯’vb Kvj †f‡` wewfbœ `¨e¨ ev c‡Y¨i LyPiv g~‡j¨i cwieZ©‡bi nvi Zyjbv K‡i| RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v LyPiv msL¨v g~‡j¨i GKwU we‡kl iæc| AvRKvj wewfbœ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wewfbœ ‡kÖbxi †jvK‡`i RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv nq|

 

2. cwigvY m~PK msL¨v (Quality Index Number)t

 †h m~PK msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ wfwË eQ‡i mv‡c‡ÿ PjwZ eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i cwigvb  †hgb- Drcv`‡bi cwigvb, †hvMv‡bi cwigvb, Pvwn`vi cwigvY BZ¨vw`)

Av‡cwÿK cwieZ©‡bi nvi cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K cwigvY m~PK msL¨v e‡j|

wfwË eQ‡ii †Kvb `ª‡e¨i cwigvY Q₀   PjwZ eQ‡ii cwigvY Q_n n‡j,

cwigvYm~PK msL¨v Q_0n = Q₀/ Q_n x 100

aiv  hvK, †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b 2008 mv‡j 450 GKK Ges 2012 mv‡j `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b  675 GKK, Zvn‡j,

`ªe¨wUi 2008 mv‡ji wfwˇZ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY m~PK msL¨v Q P_0n = Q₀/ Q_n x 100= 675/450 x100=150

 AZGe, `ªe¨wUi Drcv`b 2008 mv‡ji Zyjbvq 2012 mv‡j (175-100) ev 50% e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

3. g~j¨gvbm~PK msL¨v ( Value Index Number)t

‡Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q| †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i cwigvY‡K `ª‡e¨i `vg Øviv 6 ¸b K‡i †h Mybdj cvIqv hv‡q Zv‡K H mg‡qi `ªe¨wUi †gvU g~j¨gvb e‡j| AZGe, `ywU mg‡qi e¨eav‡b A_©vr wfwË eQ‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ PjwZ eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i †gvU g~j¨gv‡bi †h kZvswkK cwieZ©b nq Zv‡KB g~j¨ gvb m~PK msL¨v e‡j|

g~j¨gvbm~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi m~Î,

V_0n  = ∑P_n Q_n /∑P_o Q_o x 100

‡hLv‡b,

V_{0n =}  wfwË eQ‡ii  mv‡c‡ÿ PjwZ eQ‡ii g~j¨gvb m~PK msL¨v

P_o  =  wfwË eQ‡ii  g~j¨

Q₀ = wfwË eQ‡ii  ‡fv‡Mi cwigvY

P_n = PjwZ eQ‡ii g~j¨

Q_n = PjwZ eQ‡ii cwigvY|

(K) wkí ZrciZv m~PK msL¨v t

†h m~PK msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ wkí cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni wfwË eQ‡ii Drcv`‡bi cwigvb eZ©gvb eQ‡ii Drcv`‡bi kZKiv nv‡i cÖKvk K‡i wk‡íi ¸iyZ¡ ev fvi Abymv‡i Drcv`‡bi kZKiv nv‡ii Mo wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq wkí ZrciZv m~PK msL¨v| wewfbœ wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b cwiw¯’wZ Rvbvi Rb¨ G ai‡bi m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv hvq|

(L) RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v t

‡Kvb wbw`©ó †kÖYxi gvby‡li GKwU wbw`©ó ¯Í‡i RxbhvÎvi gvb eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ †h cwigvY `ªe¨ I †mev mvgM¨x †fvM Ki‡Z nq Ges GB cwigvY †fv‡Mi Rb¨ †h cwigvY LiP nq | Zvi mgqwfwËK kZKiv cwieZ©b cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ †h m~PK msL¨v e¨evni Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq RxebhvÎvi e¨q m~PK msL¨v|

RxebhvÎvi e¨q mq~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi `ywU m~Î h_v-

                               I.            Po_n = ∑P_n Q_n /∑P_o Q_o x 100

                            II.            Po_n = ∑P_w/∑W  X 100

GLv‡b, Po = wfwË eQ‡ii g~j¨|
           Q₀ = wfwË eQ‡ii   cwigvY

  P_n = PjwZ eQ‡ii g~j¨

  Q_n = PjwZ eQ‡ii cwigvY|

2.5 wfwË wbe©vPb t

m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nj wfwË eQi wbav©ib| †h †Kvb ai‡bi m~PK msL¨vB wfwË eQ‡ii Ges PjwZ eQi Gi Av‡cwÿK gvb wb‡`©k K‡i| †h eQ‡ii mv‡c‡ÿ Ab¨ GKwU eQ‡ii m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K ejv nq  wfwË eQi| wfwË eQi n‡e GKwU ¯^vfvweK Ges w¯’wZkxj Avw_©K eQi| wfwË eQi Ges PjwZ eQi Lye KvQvKvwQ nIqv DwPZ| wfwË eQi `y ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_vt

(K) w¯’i wfwË eQi Ges

(L) k„•LwjZ wfwË eQi|

A_©vr ejv hvq m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wfwË wbe©vPb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~b© welq|

2.6 m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡q fv‡ii ¸iæZ¡t

m~PK msL¨v wbY©‡q fv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| `†ii m~PK msL¨v wbY©q Kv‡j

 

c~Y© Uvg© †ccviwU †c‡Z-01737731085